Cell structure

Cell Structure

Membrane systems and organelles

Plasma Membrane 

• Controls what enters/leaves the cell (nuclear pores)

Nucleus 

• Surrounded by Nuclear envelope, 
• Contains Chromosomes – Long strand of DNA, 
• Nucleolus (Site of ribosome production, Code on Part of the DNA)

Ribosome 

• RNA+Protien, 
• Free in cytoplasm/attached to RER

RER 

• Enclose small spaces “cristernea”, 
• Ribosomes attached which synthesise polypeptides by condensation (which later enter the cristernae, membrane bound vesicles break off and go to golgi

Golgi apparatus 

• Modifies protein molecules (add carbohydrate groups),
• Vesicles break away from the surface and merge with cell membrane for exocytosis

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 

• More flattened cristernae, 
• Involved in synthesis/transport of steroids/lipids. 
• Break down toxins.

Mitochondria 

• Site of respiration, 
• ATP produced by electolyltic chain reaction (Kreb’s cycle), 
• 2 membranes (inner is folded, cristernae)

Lysosomes 

• Little packages of hydrolytic/digestive enzymes, broken off from golgi apparatus, 
• Digest (Phagocytosis, bacteria/unwanted substances/damaged organelles, Acrosome in sperm head)

Centrioles 

• (animal cells only) at right angles, 
• Made of microtubules, in a circular pattern 
• Microtubules form spindle fibres during animal cell division

CHAPTER 1 – EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY

1.1 Experimental Design

Volumes of Liquids

SI unit: cubic metre (m3)

Large volume measurement: decimetres (dm3)

1 dm3 = 1 000 cm3

Daily life measurement: millilitres (ml) or litres(l)

1 litre = 1 000 ml

Apparatus for measuring liquids depends on:

-      The volume being measured

-      How accurate the measurement needs to be

-     Beaker hold approximate volume of 100 cm3 and 250 cm3.

-     Conical flask hold approximate volume of 100 cm3 and 250 cm3.

-     Measuring cylinder has accuracy to 1 cm3.

-     Reading to be taken nearer to the meniscus (bottom line).

-     If reading is 23 cm3, should not write 23.0 cm3 as the ‘0’ means accurate to

0.1 cm3.

-     Burette has long scale of 0 – 50 cm3, accurate to 0.1 cm3.

-     Liquid level to be measured before and after tap opening. The difference of

volume gives the liquid volume poured off.

-     Bulb pipette measures exact volumes such as 20.0, 25.0 or 50.0 cm3, not odd

volumes such as 31.0 cm3.

Volumes of Gases

Measured with gas syringe, up to 100 cm3

Temperature

Measured with thermometer. 2 types are:

a) Mercury-in-glass

b) Alcohol-in-glass

SI Unit: Kelvin (K)

Daily life measurement: degree Celcius (oC)

K = oC + 273

Time

SI Unit: seconds (s)

Other Units: minutes (min)/hour (h)

Measured with:

(a) Clock

(b) Digital stopwatch

Mass

Mass – the measure of amount of matter in a substance

SI Unit: kilogram (kg)

Other Units: grams (g)/milligrams (mg)

Large volume measurements: tonnes (t)

1 tonne = 1 000 kg

Measured with:

(a) Electric “top-pan” balance

(b) Triple beam balance

Relative velocity questions and Other resources

Here are few Resources On ,
O'level Add Maths
that maybe helpful.

Topics

Source:http://drtayeb.com/lectures/additional-maths/

CHP1COGEOM		CH2SIMEQU		CH3FUNC
CH4QUDFUNC		CH5BINOMIAL		CH6SECTORS
CHP7TRIGO		CHP8VECTORS		CH12REMAIN
CHP15LOGS		CHP16LINFORM		RELATIVEVELO
CHP9DIFFER		CH10APPDIFF		CHP17TRIGCALC
CH18LNX		CHP11INTEGRATION		Q  BANK 0606

PAST PAPERS CLASSIFIED

SIMEQUATIONS	COGEOM	functions	MS BANK 0606
BINOMIAL	SECTORS	TRIGO	VECTORS
REMAINDER	LOGS	LINFORM	RELATIVE VELOCITY
matrices	sets	CALCULUS	Q  BANK 0606

PAST PAPERS WITH MARKING SCHEMES

YEAR	SESSION	PAPERS
2013	Summer	QP11	QP12	QP21	QP22
		MS11	MS12	MS21	MS22
	Winter	QP11	QP12	QP21	QP22
		MS11	MS12	MS21	MS22
2012	Summer	QP11	QP12	QP21	QP22
		MS11	MS12	MS21	MS22
	Winter	QP11	QP12	QP21	QP22
		MS11	MS12	MS21	MS22
2011	Summer	QP11	QP12	QP21	QP22
		MS11	MS12	MS21	MS22
	Winter	QP11	QP12	QP21	QP22
		MS11	MS12	MS21	MS22

		PAPERS
2010	Summer	QP11			QP21
		MS11			MS21
	Winter	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02
		PAPERS
2009	Summer	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02
	Winter	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02
2008	Summer	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02
	Winter	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02
2007	Summer	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02
	Winter	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02
2006	Summer	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02
	Winter	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02

		PAPERS
2005	Summer	QP01			QP02	QP42	QP43
		MS01			MS02
	Winter	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02
2004	Summer	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02
	Winter	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02
2003	Summer	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02
	Winter	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02
2002	Summer	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02
	Winter	QP01			QP02
		MS01			MS02

 O Level Additional Maths Notes

Source:http://astarmathsandphysics.com/o-level-maths-notes-menu.html

Tables and Matrices	Using Straight Line Graphs to Find the Relationship Between Two Quantities
Amplitude, Maximum, Minimum and Period of Trigonometric Functions	Formulae
Integration and the Ares Between Two Curves	The Factor Theorem
Differentiation	Logarithms
Maxima and Minima – The Second Differential Criterion	Differentiation – The Product Rule
Matrices – Sums, Products, Determinants and Inverses	Combinations and Permutations
Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration	Completing the Square and Solving Quadratic Equations
The Binomial Expansion	The Quotient Rule
Practical Vectors	Solving Absolute Value Equations
Integration by Parts	Solving Exponential Equations
Maximisation or Optimisation Problems	Solving Quadratic Exponential Equations by Substitution
Solving Simple Differential Equations	Solving Trigonometric Equations
Tangents and Normals	Using Matrices to Solve Simultaneous Equations
Solving Quadratic Inequalities	Using the Discriminant to Find the Number of Roots of a Quadratic Curve
The Remainder Theorem	Simultaneous Equations With One a Quadratic
Proof of Pythagoras Theorem Additional Mathematics Notes Binomial Theorem Coordinate Geometry Differentiation Equation of Circles Indices, Surds, and  Logarithms Integration Kinematics Math Mini Tests Quadratic Equations Remainder and Factor  Theorems Trigonometry \

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